Understanding Drug Use And Addiction. The National Institute

Understanding Drug Use and Addiction The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) describes addiction as a, â€Å"chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences† (â€Å"Understanding Drug Use and Addiction,† 2016). Long-term use can effect and change a person’s ability to learn, judge, and make decisions. Stress, memory issues, and behavior problems are also common side effects of extended drug use. There is not one single factor that can determine if a person will become addicted drugs. However, certain risk factors have been identified as predicting higher probabilities of addiction because of a person’s biology, environment, and development. Adolescents who abuse†¦show more content†¦Drug abuse does not only impact a person’s well-being, but it also negatively impacts society. The economy is impacted by health costs incurred from prevention, treatment, and ho spital visits. Public Safety is impacted by drug-affected driving. Operating a vehicle under the influence is illegal and dangerous for the driver, passenger(s), and other people on the road. There are three classifications for drug abuse related crime: nexus, economic-compulsive, and systemic. Drug abuse also hinders productivity because addiction causes an individual to constantly seek the drug while deeming all other things less important. Companies experience loss of potential income from employees that are under the influence, incarcerated, hospitalized, or seeking treatment. Finally, economic consequences effect specific populations which include children, women, and people with low-income. Drug prevention strategies have been identified as a way to decrease economic consequences on society (â€Å"Economic Consequences of Drug Abuse,† 2013). Drugs of Abuse The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) provides an overview of the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) and the introduction to drug classes. 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Unit 8 Child Care Level 3 Essay - 2662 Words

Unit 8- Caring for children E1/A1 The role and responsibilities of an early year’s practitioner follow a number of codes. When working with children there are many care needs of children, such as special needs, safeguarding children, children’s learning, behaviour, and working with parents. Early years practitioners have set responsibilities when working with children, like meeting the learning needs of a child, providing an environment which is welcoming and also they have to work together as part of a team to provide good service for both children and parents. Practitioners have to put the needs of children first because this will help keep children safe and encourages children to be independent. It’s important to show†¦show more content†¦Child Care and Education 4th Edition page 332 Penny Tassoni 2007 An independent setting is where they have more freedom. They may not reply on government funding and also they may not have to follow the EYFS or the national curriculum. E4/C1 The Education Act 2002 – local schools and authorities are required to protect and safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The Every Child Matters (ECM) 2004- The main points of this act regulates care of children is to protect and promote the welfare of children. Being healthy, achieving goals and being involved in different activities. Child Act 1989- â€Å"the Children Act 1989 aimed to ensure that the welfare of the child was paramount, working in partnership with parents to protect the child from harm† http://www.careandthelaw.org.uk/eng/b_section2 appendix 3 Children and young people should feel happy, safe, respected and included in the school or early years setting environment and all staff should be proactive in promoting positive behavior in the classroom, playground and the wider community. Policies and practice which make sure the safety and wellbeing of children should already be in place and it is this legislation develop through many years and experiences, and mistakes, that underpin the working practices that are used today. 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I will aim to link my research to the following Units F56Y 35 Childhood Practice and Social Services: Developing Leadership DN1H 35 Managing Quality in Early Education and Childcare Settings F56B 35 Developing Professional Childhood Practice F56A 35 Integrated Working and Collaborative Practice Rationale The basis for this research is down to the amount of changes that we as child practitioners have gone through when it comes to qualifications. I am on the PDARead MoreEffects of Divorce on Children Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagestwo people marry, they are seemingly deciding that they will be together until death separates them. When those two married people then decide to start a family together, that further solidifies the notion that they will be together as a whole family unit. Unfortunately, some things do not always work out as hoped and planned for them to, and marriages fall apart. Statistics show that 50% of marriages end in divorce. 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English Language and Linguistics Management

Question: Compare and contrast two related texts one spoken one written, using relative techniques of description and analysis. identify language choices that construe the the particular communicative purposesof the texts and social meanings they make., whats the contex where the texts are situated and the broader socio/cultural context? Answer: Introduction There is no introduction can be given to the English language. It is popular in most of the countries around the world as the simplest way to communicate and describe the feeling or convey a message to the other person. It is how you understand the meaning of a particular word or text properly and effectively. This is the way how extravagantly using your skills in the modern age and coping with the situation you are confronted. A comprehensive knowledge of the language makes you handle the typical situation. In this part there is a concern of the modern day English study comprehensively from every angle that is in both descriptive and theoretical. Also there is comparing and contrasting of two related texts one spoken and one written using the relative techniques of description and analysis. Identifying the language choices that construe the particular communicative purposes of the texts and social meanings they make. What type of clauses, registers, lexical chains are present in spo ken and written texts. What context where the texts are situated and the broader socio/cultural context, Hallidayan SFL framework regarding Tokens, Mode and Field in each text, Pragmatics is missing (Grices maxims) in both texts, CDA (critical discourse analysis) framework for spoken language and a brief comment on the implication of the analysis of the texts for a pedagogic related context that is being experienced. Understanding the word formation and how it is being used at several place while communicating, raise the level of being a linguistic. Comparison and contrasting The comparison and contrasting between the written and the spoken English is quite difficult. But with the difference in the use of a particular word according to the area where it is being speaked and written can make a comprehensive comparison between them. As we talking about the today world there is no difference between it. The English language is more popular with the European people and it being used as the major source to communication while in the administrative work , conversation with each other and showing up the sentiments and the feeling of the inside of a man. The study on the English is always being an exciting topic to discuss because with the changing ages there is a drastic change in the verbal and communicative languages of the people. There are various kinds of challenges and controversies which were being faced and is still be facing. The challenges is being faced due to some phonological construction of the spoken language resist analysis. And it is controversi al because there are number of linguistics which are researching on certain project they do not recorganize the study of the spoken language as accredited. While contrasting between the written and spoken language there are certain aspects which were being analyzed and is an interesting part of the language mostly for the people who have a second language which is being used in their country is English. The characteristics and function of the spoken and written language an analyzed by the teachers as they see the difficulty being faced by the students while pronouncing the words properly, while writing them and understanding the meaning of the words properly. The students are somewhat enabled to speak the language as fluently as their native language. Understanding the gap which created the difference make them to reach the result. With the time change, now there are certain ways people can get into the knowledge of a particular language which they want to speak. Like the radios are available, television, internet, mobiles etc. which make people understand the correct pronunciation of the words and there while communication. The strong desire of understand the things will increase the efficiency of written and verbal English. Relative techniques of description and analyses It is interesting to know that the people with second language as English has researched more in understanding the language. Most of the analyzers are non- standard analyzers. Linguistics have done certain advancement with the time in the language as they have changed some of the grammatical portion of the written texts. Now to make analyses of anything it should be clear that kind of text which is being analyzed and what kind of technics will be used to shows its characteristics. The most fundamental fact of this is that the boundaries are not known under which can divide the spoken language from that of written language. There are certain relative techniques which has been used to provide description and analyses of the spoken and written language. These techniques and genres are: - conversation, news, radio, broadcasts of different things and different kind of academic texts that are being used. But now these are not use to analyze the facts, with the changing time and exposure to the new technologies and different understandings of the people who are analyzing the facts about it, the techniques are changed. There are two corpuses which classify academic text in a different manner that are: - The International corpus of English (ICE) and The British national corpus (BNC) ICE: - writing the texts informational printed informational learned (human social science and natural human science technology). BNC: - written texts academic prose (humanities/arts, medicines, natural sciences, politics/ laws/ education/ social and behavioral sciences, technology/ engineering. According to these above mentioned corpus the written texts is being explained. There are certain registers and sub registers are there in which the spoken and written texts are explained. The analyses by the linguistics done for the languages are now a days explained according to these registers and sub registers. As ICE has much more effective way to express the written conversation. This corpus takes consideration of the natural and human social context. The explanation of certain facts and articles is much clearer because at every step the psychology of the person always taken into account. Spoken and written registers The spoken and written registers are basically different in their nature and characteristics. Lets talk about spoken registers, while the verbal communication is going on there is no pre-planned and pre-selective set words for particular kind of situation that occur at certain point of time. The words get into shape in the way that strikes into the mind of the speaker. This is the situation when face-to face conversation between the people is going on. With the change in the era, the spoken words selections have taken different shapes. But sometimes what happens is that the speaker unable to clarify his/ her perspective about particular thing or situation about which he wants to tell, this happens due to the lack of certain communication skills and the confidence level of what he will going to explain will be right or wrong. Under this condition the listener want more clarification about the facts. The expressional way of telling the things will make your point of view clearer to the listener; this shows your effectiveness in the communication. On the other hand the written registers have different perspective. While writing you cannot show your emotions facially but the art of written communication make your point clear to the reader. But sometimes the reader unable to understand the things what the writer want to convey the message. So these perspectives are analyzed under different dimensions, which come to existence after effective research of linguistics about spoken and written language. Since there is difference in the feature so spoken and written registers, there are certain written registers like fiction have many similar features as the spoken registers. In the fiction genre, the literature which is being shown and discussed fully based on the imagination of the writer. While taking into account of the imagination in spoken registers, the words chosen for speaking for certain imaginative thing or situation have the same impact as the fiction. Similar ly some of the spoken registers have their features similar to the written registers. The spoken register like group discussion has some of the features similar to the written registers. This analysis was done by Biber (1988) which reach to the conclusion by using different tests and factors analysis to understand which of the linguistic construction incline to occur in two corpora are the London- Lund corpus of British English and the london-oslo-berga (LOB) corpus of written British English. The biber has analyzed the spoken and written registers and have found that there are six textual dimensions in which they are discussed: Dimension 1:- Informational production vs. involved. Dimension 3: - Situation vs. Explicit dependent reference. Dimension 5: -Non- Abstract vs. Abstract information. The dimension 1 discussed about the involment of the speaker in face to face conversation with the other person and the information which he/she wants to convey to the listener should be clear and precise whether it is written or spoken. Dimension 3 shows the explicit vs. situation dependent reference that mean the writer will describe things clearly so that there should be no space for confusion and setting out the entire situation in detail to the reader or listener. And dimension 5 will show the abstract vs. non- abstract information that is about the thoughts which the writer have in his find and showing that thought in a clearer way to the listener or the reader. The registers which are associated with the texts used to show the illustrative information about any letters which are professional, press reviews, documents which are official and any other academic text. Comparing and contrasting spoken and written texts After discussing the difference between the written and the spoken registers, there is an important function to compare and contrast the two texts that are spoken texts and written texts. This is the comparison of spoken texts and written texts from different point of view like on the basis of genre or registers, lexicon chains etc. The spoken texts is about the interview conversation between the Princess of Whales and Martin Bashir which is regarding her experience to get married in a royal family and the written texts about lady Dianas adultery relationship with her riding instructor James Hewitt in 1995. The analyses of these texts are done from different perspectives. Clauses: - There are different kinds of clauses that are present in the language. These are as follows:- Spoken language The Panorama Interview This is a transcript of the BBC1 Panorama interview with the Princess of Wales, broadcast in November 1995 MARTIN BASHIR: Your Royal Highness, how prepared were you for the pressures that came with marrying into the Royal Family?(Interrogative clause) How prepared were you - is the interrogative clause(dependent clause) which is further connected to the independent clause pressures that came with marrying into the royal family it consists of Pressures is adjective clause, came is the verb, marrying is the subject royal family is the object. DIANA: At the age of 19, you always think you're prepared for everything, and you think you have the knowledge of what's coming ahead. But although I was daunted at the prospect at the time, I felt I had the support of my husband-to-be.( standard declarative sv- clause, verb clause)you always think youre prepared for everything, in this you is a adverb clause, always is adjective, prepared is the verb modified by the adjective clause, you think you have the knowledge this is the independent clause consists of think as verb, knowledge is object, modified with adjective clause what to verb coming ahead. But although is the subordinate clause, daunted is the verb, prospect is the subject. I felt I had the support of my husband is the independent clause consists of felt as verb, support is the subject and husband is the object. Lexical chains:- Prepared knowledge prospect support Lexical density:- Lexical density = the no. of lexical items100 or the no. of lexical items The total word no. of clauses Lexical density = 40% or 0.66 BASHIR: What were the expectations that you had for married life?(interrogative clause) what were the expectation is the interrogative cause which with the help of that adjective clause connected with independent clause you had for married life. Lexical chains:- No lexical chain is present in this sentence. DIANA: I think like any marriage, specially when you've had divorced parents like myself, you'd want to try even harder to make it work and you don't want to fall back into a pattern that you've seen happen in your own family.(standard declarative sv- clause) when you've had divorced parents like myself it consist of when which is the adverb clause youve had is the verb clause modify the text. After this the text is the independent clause you'd want to try even harder to make it work and you don't want to fall back into a pattern that you've seen happen in your own family. Lexical chains:- Marriage - divorced "I want to reassure all those people who have loved me and supported me throughout the last 15 years that I'd never let them down."( relative clause) I want to reassure all those people who loved me it is a independent clause consist of who as a relative clause and the other portion and supported throughout the last 15 years that I'd never let them down is the independent clause consist of that as the adjective clause, that means the dependent clause is present in the text. Lexical chain:- Reassure love - support. I desperately wanted it to work, I desperately loved my husband and I wanted to share everything together, and I thought that we were a very good team.(standard declarative sv- clause) Lexical chains:- Wanted loved share together team. BASHIR: How aware were you of the significance of what had happened to you? After all, you'd become Princess of Wales, ultimately with a view to becoming Queen.( interrogative clause, standard declarative sv- clause) DIANA: I wasn't daunted, and am not daunted by the responsibilities that that role creates. It was a challenge, it is a challenge. (standard declarative sv- clause) Lexical chains:- Daunted responsibilities challenge As for becoming Queen, it's, it was never at the forefront of my mind when I married my husband: it was a long way off that thought. The most daunting aspect was the media attention, because my husband and I, we were told when we got engaged that the media would go quietly, and it didn't; and then when we were married they said it would go quietly and it didn't; and then it started to focus very much on me, and I seemed to be on the front of a newspaper every single day, which is an isolating experience, and the higher the media put you, place you, is the bigger the drop. And I was very aware of that. written1995: Diana admits adultery in TV interview Diana, Princess of Wales, has spoken openly for the first time about her separation from the Prince of Wales in a frank interview for the BBC's Panorama programme.( dependent clause) During her hour-long conversation with BBC reporter Martin Bashir, she admitted to an adulterous affair with her riding instructor, James Hewitt.( dependent clause) In this text the line she admitted to an adulterous affair with her riding instructor is a dependent clause. In this text the word admitted is a verb clause and affair is a noun and riding instructor is subject. This means that the sentence consists of verb. Noun and subject but still is not independent clause. She also described her hurt at her husband's relationship with long-term friend Camilla Parker-Bowles, but said she did not want to divorce.(verb clause) In this text these is sense of declarative clause because the text She also described her hurt at her husband's relationship with long-term friend Camilla Parker-Bowles showing the proofs that she is quite sure of it. And the other part but said she did not want to divorce is a dependent clause on the first part. The use of verb clause described, relationship is the subject and friend is the object. The Princess spoke freely about her depression and bulimia, her children, the media and the future of the monarchy.( independent clause) in this text there is no use of any subject and noun, she was talking freely about the things that happened to her and her children, so it is an independent clause according to the rules. Unfaithful When Mr Bashir asked her about her relationship with Mr Hewitt, who had claimed to have had an affair with her, she admitted her relationship did go beyond a close friendship.( dependent clause, relative clause) In this text, asked her about her relationship giving the sense of interrogative clause and who is the adjective clause had claimed is the verb clause and the part she admitted her relationship did go beyond a close friendship is the declarative clause. Lexical chains:- Asked claimed admitted. "Were you unfaithful?" asked Mr Bashir.( interrogative clause) "Yes," answered the Princess. "I was in love with him. But I was very let down." The word yes give full proof of declarative clause and "I was in love with him. But I was very let down."This shows the confirmative clause and dependent clause because the relative sense of the word but makes the other part dependent. In June last year, Prince Charles admitted he had also had an affair with Mrs Parker-Bowles in a similarly frank interview with the BBC's Jonathan Dimbleby. (verb clause) In this text, Prince Charles admitted he had also had an affair with Mrs Parker-Bowles is declarative clause and verbs are used in the sentence. The Princess spoke of her hurt over the affair, saying, "There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded.(declarative clause) In this written communication text, there is sense of declaration of the situation in which There were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded. Is the declarative clause. Lexical chains:- Affair - marriage crowded. "Friends of my husband's were indicating that I was unstable, sick and should be put in a home of some sort to get better so I wouldn't be an embarrassment." Lexical chains:- Unstable sick better. 'Queen of hearts' She also said she did not think she would ever be Queen. "I'd like to be a queen of people's hearts, in people's hearts, but I don't see myself being Queen of this country," she said. "I don't think many people will want me to be Queen." The one-hour interview was watched by an estimated 15 million people, a record for the programme and one of the BBC's highest-ever audience figures. Lexical chains:- Watched programme audience. The Princess's decision to go public has been highly controversial. Lexical chains:- Decision controversial. The BBC chairman, Marmaduke Hussey, is reported to be extremely unhappy that senior executives did not tell him about the programme in advance. Lord Wakeham, chairman of the Press Complaints Commission, has also warned that the princess would only have herself to blame if she triggered a tabloid onslaught on her private life. Buckingham Palace has confirmed Geoff Crawford, the Princess's press adviser, is to step down in the wake of her decision to speak to the BBC without informing him or the Queen. Registers: - The registers in the texts are formal and informal words that are being pronounced while speaking. This is the variation in the language while speaking and writing. Like if we take the example of formal words like dad, girl, friend etc. and informal words like didnt, aint, shouldnt etc. Now comparing these registers on the basis of spoken communication between lady Diana and Martin Bashir we have seen various formal and informal words that are being used that are showed with the help of some dialogues below:- Dialogues Formal registers Informal registers Spoken:- 1st martin bashir Royal, pressures, marrying family Diana Age, everything, knowledge, prospect, daunted husband Youre, whats 2nd martin bashir Expectations, life Diana Marriage, myself, work, pattern, happen, reassure, everything, team Youve, youd, dont, Id 3rd martin bashir Aware, princess, wales, becoming, queen Youd Diana Challenge, becoming, forefront, attention, focus, isolating, aware Wasnt, its, didnt CDA (critical discourse analysis) framework for spoken language The critical discourse analysis is used to make understand and interest of the social issues that is discussed in the texts. It increases the understanding of the used language, its interdisciplinary work that is constituted and transmitted through texts. Like as we take the example of the above said conversations between Martin Bashir and the lady Diana, in the spoken texts, the questions were asked about being married in a royal family and how is feeling. In respect to that lady Diana answered the questions accordingly. We have analyzed the clauses, registers and the lexical chains present in the texts. The analyses of the texts using critical discourse analysis we get to know about the complexity of the sentences that is being used to question and answered it. Lady Diana was showing her feelings to get married in a royal family and her love towards the prince. This shows the social effect on the media which is covering it and the main thing was, the way people are grasping that co nversation. This is the analysis done with the help of CDA. Hallidayans systematic functional linguistics (SFL) framework The analysis of the two texts on the basis of hallidyans systematic function linguistics (SFL) is a linguistic theory that concerned with the effect of culture and society in which the language is being used. According to the linguistics, it is the multidimensional semiotic system. The semiotic system consists of three interrelated metafunction, these are:- The textual The interpersonal The ideational Analysis of the spoken texts:- While analysis the spoken texts there always the consideration of the interpersonal metafunction as it is used when there is a medium of interaction or expressing attitudes. Like in the above given spoken text, the communication between lady Diana and martin Bashir is the interpersonal metafunction as they verbally interacting with each other for the interview. The words exchanged where on the experiences which lady Diana has when she is about to getting married in a royal family, her attitudes towards the situation and the life changing events and the circumstances which she faced while getting involved in relationship which the prince of whales. This is the use of ideational metafunction in the spoken language. Analysis of the written texts:- In the analysis of the written texts the hallidayan SFL semiotic system says that the metafunction which is applicable in this context is the textual metafunction because it is dealing with the written texts about the interview of Lady Diana and martin Bashir about her adulterated relationship with her riding instructor. This texts consists of all the three metafunction because the it is the interpersonal interaction of an anchor with a prestigious clink on TV and it is shown in the written text which brings the textual metafunction and the last but not the least the use of ideation metafunction because in this written text it is shown that how the life of lady Diana and prince whales takes different outturns which caused them to lose their relationship with each other. The effect of the conversation of media person with the royal people makes them show, what were the drastic changes in their lives that were experienced by them during certain relationships with the other affected peo ple according to the contexts. Pragmatics (Grices maxims) in both texts According to the maxims introduced by Paul Grice, it is the analysis of both texts on the basis of how the words have uttered and used to show the reactions according to the situation. This analysis is compiled up in the four principles of the Grice maxims which is known as the maxims of conversation. These four maxims are:- Maxims of quality Maxims of quantity Maxims of relation Maxims of manner In all of the above grices maxims, the main notion is the maxims of manner as it shows the way that how orderly the words have been used while communicating with the other people. It shows the speakers state of mind that what he or she wants to convey the message to the listener. This maxim is the cornerstone of the Grices approach to linguistic pragmatics. Analysis of spoken texts: - During the conversation between martin Bashir and Lady Diana, there was certain questions have been asked what lady Diana have answered those questions in much mannered way that it conveys the proper message to the listener with evidence and there was no utterance of any non relevant information. And after studying and listening all the information which she shared it shows that all the 4 maxims are present in the contexts. This can be shown as the Martin Bashir have used the words your royal highness in the conversation and the answered given by lady Diana was much specific according to the questions. If we take the example of the first question that was Royal Highness, how prepared were you for the pressures that came with marrying into the Royal Family? and in return the answer of lady Diana was At the age of 19, you always think you're prepared for everything, and you think you have the knowledge of what's coming ahead. But although I was daunted at the prospect at the time, I fe lt I had the support of my husband-to-be this answer shows that how specific the answer was and how effective it was for the listeners to get the right message of the text. Analysis of written texts:- After analyzing the above texts it can be understandable that all the four maxims where not followed because of some very personal communication was going on and some hesitations were there to answer those questions. But the message which conversation want to give was very clear to the people like if we take the example of the confession of lady Diana about her adulterous relationship with her instructor James Hewitt and what were effects which force her to do this like the shock of knowing that her husband was having relationship with the other women Camilla parker Bowles. There were certain contexts like using the words I dont want to be the princess of people, I just want to be the princess of hearts this text make no sense in this contexts hence it is the violation of Grices Maxim (Maxim of relation) and rest of the three maxims of quality, quantity and manner is followed up in this text. Pedagogical implications in TESOL The spoken and written texts have the main purpose to convey the exact message what the speaker or the writer want to give to the listener or the reader. TESOL stands for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages, it the way of teaching by using the right principles and methods of instruction so that the learner will should get the things what is being said by the speaker. In the present condition, it is the TV interview of Lady Diana and Martin Bashir which have different impact on the people who were listening it. According to the teachers point of view, the student of different language speaker should have their own understanding about the facts which is to be represented. The pedagogical implications according to this can be done by assuming the following assumptions (Dà ¡Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å¾rnyei(2001)):- There is needed to be developing reasonable criteria which will help in developing the informed understanding about the exact nature of the language gaining of second language. By using the different strategies the student should be made aware of the facts of the second or the foreign language basics that it can be understandable in many different ways. It is very important for the learner to develop his own methods and techniques which will make him understand the language which is needed to be learned. These implications sound like the pedagogical implication of the teacher to make the people understand the language. This how we get to know what is the exact message which the speaker wants to give to the speakers. It is the understanding of the written and the spoken texts comprehensively. Without this there should no basic understanding what is the exact meaning of the text. This is quite important to understand the pedagogic implication of the text in TESOL. Language choices and their social meanings The choice of the language by the speaker should be so proper to convey the actual message to the listener so that he could understand the things what the speaker wants to say. As there are different ethnic origins of people are living around the world. The technology has bring them closer with just a click of button of mouse which means that you get in touch with anyone in the world by simple means of internet. The barrier in the communication occur when the message the speaker want to describe to the listener is not clear and to make the message more clear you need the proper skills to speak and write in a proper way and the language in which the listener understand. This is quite a difficult thing because in the situation when the listener do not understand the language of the speaker i.e the speaker and listener both belong to different origins and do not know about the mother tongue or native language then the most effective tool to convey the message is to use the language whic h is understandable to both of them. The linguistics at their work places, with the effort and analysis from years come to the compilation of different word dictionaries and in every language. With the help of these dictionaries people are now able to communicate with the people of any origin. Linguistics are the people who understand the native language, it means to say is by using proper skills they try to understand and analyze what kind of words which are being used for conveying the information, how it is being pronounced and understood by the people who are listening and reading it. The proper level of words usage according to the situation will show that the speaker have the right communication skills. The spoken and the written words usage depend on the language which is being used that means whether its a native language or any other language which can be easily understood. Like if we take the example of a married man and his wife want to go out with him for movie but this all depend on the kind of history they have as a married couple, what kind of chemistry they have and how they understand the spoken words and sentiments proper so they can award themselves with each other companionship. The social understanding of things which are being said can be done by analyzing and getting the proper meaning of each and every word properly (i.e the lexical semantics). Knowing the proper meaning of the words will make it use for the external entities in the world properly. There is need to understand the whole social context in which the texts is being uttered and also getting practical knowledge of various level of interpretation. The pragmatics of the fundamental of the written and spoken English can be done by using it at different situation where ever need. The exploring of different kind of things will get to know about the linguistics research about the subject that how far we could able to understand the concept of the written and verbal or spoken language. The social impact of the words which are used while communication shows how effective you are in the conversation and how clearly you show your ideas to the other person in written and spoken language. Like we take the example of the social context can you please give a cup of water? This question shows the social context that how polite and elegant way you ask for something. This proper reply for thins question will be in the form of yes/no. likewise there is no place for confusion in the social context as the message should clear to the listener and speaker. In the social context there is a large space for the unplanned spoken words that are the word which can be presumed by the person who is interacting with the particular situation. The utterance of the unplanned words changes with the situation that is confronted. Selection of the words also depends on the situation, the effective use of the skills to convey the message is effectively judged by facing these kinds of situations. The grammatical aspect of the context used under social condition is the most important aspect because this makes us to convey the proper message to the listener or the reader who are interacting. Linguistics always stress upon these kind of situations that is because the people in the whole social interact with each mostly no because they want to share their feelings but to get the companionship of people. The people need your presence around them that someone is there with me. Pedagogic things can be understood by deep understanding of these kinds of practica l situations. The proper selection of the words by concerning the social environment around the person will make him a person with perfection. The social interaction in not only when you meet someone face to face but it can be written conversations like email messages, text messages etc. in the verbal communication the people can show there feeling by using the facial expressions but in the written communication there is always a need to use the proper word and the expressive way of writing the things. The written communication is not the face to face communication where the people have less time to think about the proper word usage but while writing the writer has much more time to write bout and can make effective selection of words to show the confusion less text. Broader social/ cultural context The broader view of the socio cultural context which provides the knowledge of the kind o0f language that is being used while doing conversation which is further very deeply linked with society and culture. Other way it means that using of the particular kind of language which is being used in a particular kind of socio/cultural context will need to be taken into consideration. As there are different kind of socio/cultural context which is being experienced it is explained with the help of an example that is given below: - It contains the aspiration, confidence and permission etc in the environment of the enterprises. There is a woman in an organization that has the strong ability, skills and experience. She is living in a socio/cultural environment and has the idea with the market have proper resources to lead an organization. She understands every aspects of each and every step that will need to be taken to make the organization and one of the leading organizations of the country. Every single thing is available to her to make the organization better. The main motive of showing this example is that a person who has every single thing which is needed to be a perfectly socio/cultural balanced person can change the things in a positive way. The language which is being used to communicate should be every clear so that it may not have any sense of negativity or confusion in it. The grammatical aspects always are concerned while spoken and written contexts. Conclusion While considering all of the above said facts, I come to the conclusion that the written and spoken English language should be used very properly. The linguistics being the analyzers of the socio/cultural aspects, even the grammatical portion and the proper selection of the words should be suggested. Conceptual and deep understanding of the phenomenon of the written and spoken language will encourage the people who are not native to English language will start speaking it as their native language. As the small children always adopt the spoken language quickly from the basic because they keep on hearing it from their parents and when they grow up then start reading and practice it by writing. So from all this we get to know that linguistics play an important to understand the basic of any language from the base. They show the proper context of the language that how it is being used at a particular situation and particular selection of words with the situation. They are the core teache r which tells us how to pronounce the word properly. Understanding the proper use of a word by understanding the exact meaning of the word from every aspect will make the person a good user of the language whether it is English or any other language. The other important aspect is the pedagogic implementation in TESOL which is very important to make understand the listener what the speaker wants to say. This is the basic for the speakers of the non- native language to understand the other foreign language. References:- 1) Beaman, K. (1984) Coordination and subordination revisited: syntactic complexity in spoken and written narrative discourse. In D. Tannen (ed.), Coherence in spoken and written discourse. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 4580.2) Biber, D. (1986) Spoken and written textual dimensions in English: resolving the contradictory findings. Language 62, 384414.3) Biber, D. (1988) Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.4) Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., and Finegan, E. (1999) Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman5) Aarts, B. and L. Haegeman (2006). English word classes and phrases. In B. Aarts and A. McMahon (eds.), the Handbook of English Linguistics (pp. 11745). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.6) Aitchison, J. (1991). Language Change: Progress or Decay? 2nd edn. New York: Cambridge University Press.7) Altenberg, B. (1990). Predicting text segmentation into tone units. In J. Svartvik (ed.), The London-Lund Corpus of Spoken En glish: Description and Research (pp. 27586). Lund: Lund University Press.8) Andersen, G. (2001). Pragmatic Markers and Sociolinguistic Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.9) Ashby, M. and J. Maidment (2005). Introducing Phonetic Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10) Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon.11) Bailyn, J. F. (2003). Does Russian scrambling exist? In S. Karimi (ed.), Word Order and Scrambling(pp. 15676). Malden, MA: Blackwell.12) Baldi, P. (1990). Indo-European languages. In B.Comrie (ed.), The Worlds Major Languages (pp. 3167).New York: Oxford.13) Bjoint, H. (2000). Modern Lexicography: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.14) Bell, A. (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society, 13: 145204.15) Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad, and E. Finegan (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.16) Blake, N. (1992). The literary language. In N. Blake (ed.), The English Language, VoI. II: 10661476 (pp. 50041). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.17) Bolinger, D. (1977). Meaning and Form. London: Longman.18) Brown, P. and S. C. Levinson (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.19) Cameron, D. (1995). Verbal Hygiene. London: Routledge.20) Carter, R. and S. Cornbleet (2001). The Language of Speech and Writing. London: Routledge.21) Chambers, J. K. (2003). Sociolinguistic Theory, 2nd edn. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.22) Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted in 2002 by Walter de Gruyter, Inc.) 23) (1959). A review of B. F. Skinners verbal behavior. Language, 35: 2658.24) Clemetson, L. (2007). The racial politics of speaking well. New York Times. February 4. Section 4, pp. 1 and 4.25) Comrie, B. (1989). Language Typology and Language Universals, 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.26) (1990). Russian. In B. Comri e (ed.), The Worlds Major Languages (pp. 32947). New York: Oxford.27) Croft, W. (2000). Explaining Language Change: An Evolutionary Approach. Harlow, England: Longman.28) Croft, W. and D. Cruse (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.29) Cruse, D. (1986). Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.30) (2004). Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.31) Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.32) (2003). English as a Global Language, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jurrasic Park Essays - English-language Films,

Jurrasic Park Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton Number of pages: 399 Original Copyright Date:1990 Date Completed: Oct 25 Publisher: Ballantine Books Plot Summary The Story takes place on an Island off the Coast of Costa Rica. Where A very wealthy man, John Hammond, Has set up A Genetically engineered Dinosaur preserve. Before he opens this living attraction to the public(only the people who can afford it) He needs people, who he thinks will be good judges of the Park. He brings them in and begins to awe them with the sights of real dinosaurs. One of the visitors, Ian Malcolm, predicts that this is impossible to accomplish. For he says there are flaws in the system, and according to his chaos theory these animals cannot be predicted. While they are in awe one of the computer programmers, Dennis Nedry, Is secretly planning to steal dinosaur embryos from the park and sell them to a company that is trying to stay in business with Hammond. The only way Nedry can obtain these embryos id to shut down the park power so he can sneak into the freezing chamber. He does while the other visitors are touring the park, and everything goes wrong from there. As he is racing to get to the dock, where a boat is waiting to take the embryos, He realizes that he has gone the wrong way. He gets out of the car to try and figure out where he is and he's attacked and killed by one of the dinosaurs. Now the power is out and all the animals can get out of the no longer electrified fences. The others are stopped in front of the T-Rex holding area and he breaks through and attacks them. Everyone flees and is scattered through the park. The animals begin attacking the control building. Since all the power is out there is no way to stop them. One of the Scientists, Wu, finds that the once all female dinosaurs are beginning to breed. They think they got the power back on so they try to put all the animals back in their holding areas. Little did they know that the whole time the park was running on auxiliary power, and once this power ran out they could not restore the main power. When all the power finally ran out the animals began attacking full forced now. The only way to get the park running again was to have someone manually turn on another auxiliary power generator so they could get the main power running again. Two people died attempting this and finally one succeeded. They got power on and were able to call the Costa Rican government to come in and rescue them out. Once they were flying away bombs were dropped on the island and it was totally destroyed. Characters There were many main characters in Jurassic Park. First there was Alan Grant, a Paleontologist who was about 5' 11', thin, and was very interested in dinosaurs. He didn't have any strong opinion about the park except that he was so excited to see real dinosaurs. Next there was Ellen Sattler, She was Grant's partner in digs. She was very beautiful, but very active and strong. She seemed to be very interested in this amazing new world of the dinosaurs. Next there was Ian Malcolm, a tall mathematician who always wore black. He had very strong opinions opposing the park. He knew things would go wrong but no one listened to him. I enjoyed his way of proving everything he said. Next there was John Hammond, a very stubborn old man who insists that his park is fine. He constantly shuns away suggestions of how to make his park better. Next there are a brother and sister, Tim and Alexis. Tim is ten and very smart for his age. He tries to do what he can to help and stays out of the way when he can't. He said sister Alexis is just the opposite, She is young, immature, and is constantly getting in the way. She thinks this whole thing is a game and does whatever entertains her regardless of other people. Conflict The conflict was that man created dinosaurs without thinking. Now the dinosaurs were trying to live

King Baldwin I of Jerusalem essays

King Baldwin I of Jerusalem essays Baldwin of Boulogne I, brother to Godfrey of Boullion, Count of Edessa and King of Jerusalem. Baldwin was one of the eight chief lay leaders of the first Crusade (Setton 21). He died in 1118, which marked an end of an era. Baldwin was the last of the original leaders of the firs Crusade (Setton 408). He founded the first Latin state in the east, the county of Edessa. He founded and transformed Jerusalem into a monarchy state. Helped in the capture of Tripoli. Established the county of Tripoli into the fourth and last state of the east. With only small means at his disposal he accomplished many things, like founding the county Edessa with a few knights. Then he took over Jerusalem after his brother Godfrey, who had left it weak torn by factionalism and surrounded by enemies. He left Jerusalem a strong and powerful state. He revived and maintained commerce with the Moslem who he was there to fight in the first place. He never had a naval fleet but still had coastal conqu ests and protection. He had sea routes protected to the west by obtaining the help of the Italian Naval Fleet. The numbered of troops which Baldwin had can be compared to a modern day battalion, which would consist roughly of about 1,200 troops. With a small army by his side he was able to protect his small state and leave it aggressive, helping the Latin states to the north and extending his own territory (Setton 409). Baldwin was known as a conqueror to the day of his death. His worst enemies Al-Afdal of Egypt and Tughtigin of Demascus gave up hope of ever over throwing him. Before going on the first crusade Baldwin took his time before accepting to go with his brother Godfrey. Since he was the youngest of the three brothers he had no inheritance left to him. He saw this as a great opportunity to go out and conqueror his own land. In 1096 they arrived in Constantinople, Godfrey was asked to the palace to pledge his alliance to the emper...

Sample Appeal Letter for a College Rejection

Sample Appeal Letter for a College Rejection If youve been rejected from college, you often have the option of appeal. The letter below illustrates a possible approach for appealing a college rejection. Before appealing, however, make sure you have a legitimate reason for appealing a rejection. In the majority of cases, an appeal is not warranted. If you do not have significant new information to report to a college, do not write an appeal. Also, make sure the college accepts appeals before writing one.   Features of a Successful Appeal Letter Address your letter to your admissions representative.Present a legitimate reason for appealing.Be respectful and positive, not angry or whiny.Keep your letter brief and to the point. Sample Appeal Letter Ms. Jane GatekeeperDirector of AdmissionsIvy Tower CollegeCollegetown, USA Dear Ms. Gatekeeper, Although I was not surprised when I received a rejection letter from Ivy Tower College, I was extremely disappointed. I knew when I applied that my SAT scores from the November exam were below average for Ivy Tower. I also knew at the time of the SAT exam (because of illness) that my scores did not represent my true ability. However, since I applied to Ivy Tower back in January, I have retaken the SAT and improved my scores measurably. My math score went from a 570 to a 660, and my reading score went up a full 120 points. I have instructed the College Board to send these new scores to you.I know Ivy Tower discourages appeals, but I hope you will accept these new scores and reconsider my application. I have also had the best quarter yet at my high school (a 4.0 unweighted), and I have enclosed my most recent grade report for your consideration. Again, I fully understand and respect your decision to deny me admission, but I do hope you will reopen my file to consider this new information. I was tremendously impressed by Ivy Tower when I visited last fall, and it remains the school I would most like to attend. Sincerely, Joe Student Discussion of the Appeal Letter As stated above, before writing a letter of appeal, you need to make sure you have a  legitimate reason to appeal. You must also make sure the college allows appeals- many schools do not. Theres a good reason for this- nearly all rejected students feel they have been treated unfairly or that the admissions staff failed to read their applications carefully. Many colleges simply dont want to deal with the flood of appeals they would receive if they allowed applicants to argue their cases. In Joes case, he learned that Ivy Tower College (obviously not the real name) does accept appeals, although the school discourages appeals. Joe addressed his letter to the Director of Admissions at the college. If you have a contact in the admissions office- either the Director or the representative for your geographic region- it is best to write to a specific person. If you dont have the name of an individual, you can address your letter with To Whom It May Concern or Dear Admissions Personnel. An actual name, of course, sounds much better. Now on to the body of Joes letter. Note that Joe is not whining. Admissions officers hate whining, and it wont get you anywhere. Joe is not saying that his rejection was unfair, nor is he insisting that the admissions office made a mistake. He may think these things, but he isnt including them in his letter. Instead, in both the opening and closing of the letter, he notes that he respects the decision of the admissions folks. Most important for an appeal, Joe does have a reason to appeal. He  tested poorly on the SAT, and he retook the exam and brought up his scores dramatically. Notice that Joe makes mention of being sick when he first took the SAT, but he is not using that as an excuse. An admissions officer is not going to reverse a decision simply because a student claims some kind of testing hardship. You need actual scores to show your potential, and Joe comes through with the new scores. Also, Joe is wise to send along his most recent grade report. He is doing extremely well in school, and the admissions officers will like to see those strong grades. Joe is not slacking off senior year, and his grades are trending upward, not down. He is certainly not revealing signs of senioritis, and he has avoided the issues in this weak appeal letter. Note that Joes letter is brief and to the point. Hes not wasting the time of the admissions officers with a long rambling letter. The college already has Joes application, so he doesnt need to repeat that information in the appeal. Joes letter does three important things in a concise manner. He states his respect for the admissions decision; he presents the new information that is the basis for his appeal, and he reaffirms his interest in the college. Were he to write anything else, he would be wasting the time of the admissions officers. A Final Word About Joes Appeal It is important to be realistic about an appeal. Joe writes a good letter and has significantly better scores to report. However, he is likely to fail in his appeal. The appeal is certainly worth a try, but the majority of rejection appeals are not successful.

Mischeif and miscarriage in the criminal justice process Assignment

Mischeif and miscarriage in the criminal justice process - Assignment Example 397). Nevertheless, the advancement in the legal practice and in the administration of public affairs makes it possible to have criminals released from confinement allowed the freedom to participate in their social and economic lives without much deterrence. Such a process is sustainable on the basis that such persons are given corrective services while in their homes or with the society (Cohen 2002; p. 41)1. Prisons have served as a useful institution of isolation of criminals. It is however useful to have criminals effectively observed because they are in a different state of social cognition characterized by many altered feelings about social order, governance and public life. Prisons have ceased to deliver their corrective capacity as a result of the challenges in the economy today and therefore better methods should be gradually tested and ratified that will ensure more of the criminals are free in the society and are engaged into more meaningful work. Supervision in the community will offer the best option for correction due to the fact that there are technologies to monitor or aid the monitoring of criminals and that may assist in their correction. The community approach will also create an environment for the other civilian to be familiar with the restrictions that are attached to criminal activity and hence facilitate psychological adjustment and abhorrence for crime. The condition that crime must be established beyond and reasonable doubt in a litigation process is a very high bar to attain in many litigation processes. Due to these high standards, it is meaningful that the program is obtained that will manage the loopholes for which many criminal have evaded justice through the criminal justice system (Ramsey, Latessa, & Travis 2003; p. 3). Suffice it to mention therefore, governments should seek to collaborate widely with many institutions in the process of administering justice. In the United States, the Megan’s law was

DQweek1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DQweek1 - Essay Example If bitmap image are used, then the images will be blurred and will not be clear when they are being viewed. The advantage of using this is that the drawings will show the various boundaries between the different types of plants that are found in a botanical setting (Griep, 2005). Fingerprints are drawn by using bitmaps. This is because finger prints are not that clear. The representation of the lines and the prints on the finger are not that clear. The use of bitmaps should be differentiated so that the dots can be used to connect the various lines. It is more impressive and representative when bitmaps are used in the drawing of fingerprints. Cartoons re drawn using lines so that the outline is well defined. This will therefore use lines to connect the cartoon. Using bitmaps will not being the outline and will bring the notion that the cartoon is a picture of something and not a drawing. A satellite image is represented using bitmaps. This is because it is an image. The image brings out the notion of a picture. In this case, we are representing a picture which is an image of a satellite. We are not representing a daring in this case. We are representing an image which should be represented using bitmaps to bring out the image and the notion of a picture. A photograph is not drawn. There are dots which are located in the photograph. There is no line outline that is used in online of the [photograph. The clarity of the photographs will depend on the clarity and the make/model of the device which has been used to take the photograph. The advantage of this is that if the dots are distributed, then the image will not be that clear. It will be hard to get the details and decipher the meaning from the image that has been shown. There are various differing formats of graphics. The graphic is converted or retained in a certain format because they serve the purpose better in that format that the user does want. There are various

Conflict Resolutions, Cultrual Differences Essay Example for Free

Conflict Resolutions, Cultrual Differences Essay The American way of dealing with conflict, according to the article, is arguing. This might not be the best way, and its definitely not the only way. The article serves the purpose of exploring the cultural differences in how others deal with conflict. It provides alternatives and different ideas in how to resolve conflicts, as oppose to arguing. Arguing is a method of dealing with conflict. In the argument culture nearly everything is framed as a battle or game in which winning or losing is the main concern. The pillars of argument rest on this win-lose idea. Argument is expressed through polarized, two sided, debates and battles. The result elicits a winner and a resolved conflict. This method is commonly used in the Western culture in general, and in the United States in particular. It is also used by individuals of Eastern European background, Jewish tradition, and in some Indian cultures. Joanna Repczynski, for example, had an experience in her visit to France. Her host kept initiating a heated intellectual debate over dinner. When Joanna agreed, another argument would be on its way. Another example is Andrea Talarico. When her Italian-American family argues, their voices would raise and objects would be thrown in an intense discussion. Another example is the Japanese woman who is married to a Frenchman. The Frenchman started arguments with his wife. Finally when she argued back, he was overjoyed rather than getting upset. The advantages of arguments are various. In the case of Joanna and her host, the host felt as if arguing would keep things interesting. Agreement was just to boring. Andrea sees advantages to her Italian-American familys style: We always know how each other feels at all times. This is a sign of her familys closeness. The Frenchman was overjoyed that his wife argued back because it was a sign of showing interest and showing respect for each others intelligence. To him disagreement was a sign of a good relationship. There are disadvantages of arguments. It can be upsetting and it can turn violent. The Japanese women found it so upsetting and Andreas family threw objects. For people who arent used to the argument culture,  arguing can come off to be a surprise, confusion, or alarm and be very offensive. The disadvantaged result of an argument or debate is that there is always a loser. Another method of resolving conflict is ritual vituperation. This method works by the means of screaming insults and song lashing. It was created by traditional societies; the rules are culturally agreed upon, which gives this method a ritual context. It is used by Women in Gapun, Papua New Guinea and in traditional Nigerian villages. Women in Gapun Papua New Guinea, when angered by husbands, relatives, or fellow villagers, can erupt in a kros, shouting insults and obscenities loudly enough to be heard all around. The shouter waits near or in her home and waits for her offender to go far enough away. The villagers, then, watch up close as the women shouts. In Nigeria, a very similar method is used, song lashing. It consists of familiar proverbs or original verses that implies insults. Like kros, onlookers also watch. Its different in the way that the target is referred to indirectly. An advantage of this way of managing conflict is that it provides outlets so aggression can be expressed. Its their way of relieving anger. The advantages stem from its ritualized, structured rules. The onlookers role is to prevent any physical violence. The onlookers provide the speaker with the satisfaction of listening. The speaker provides the onlookers with entertainment. Effective song-lashers are admired for their verbal skill. The target is relived of any direct abuse. There are two major disadvantages to this method. The conflict doesnt get resolved and the children in the surrounding area are subjected to this inappropriate verbal aggression. An alternative to the idea of winning or losing is victors without vanquished. This method of dealing with conflict is to honor the winners as well as the losers. There is more emphasis on harmony rather than winner take all. This method is used in the Asian culture and has a historical  significance in Japan. An example of this method is the 1868 Asian revolution. The two sides of the conflict were the supporters of the Western government model and the old, Chinese model. The people who had fought for the old regimen were not punished but invited to join the new government (and most did). The Western supporters won, but the supporters of the traditional, Chinese model maintained their respect and dignity; they were allowed to remain in existence. The main advantage of this method is that the loser gets recognition, retaining a large measure of respect. According to Ben-Ami Shillony, an anthropologist, this method helped Japan avoid disastrous internecine ethnic and religious strife. The advantage of this method is that it resolves conflicts without disastrous escalation. The disadvantage of this method is that social pressure to maintain harmony can actually cause conflict. The actions of people on conflicting sides are altered by the interference of harmony. For example, a person in disagreement with another might want to take action, but the emphasis on harmony might yield that action, which can cause frustration or even anger. Another disadvantage is that in a society that emphasis harmonic competition, competition tends to become more fiercer than in a society where competition is normal. Another way of dealing with conflict is by the use of intermediaries, third parties. This method rests on the idea that community pressure takes the place of direct conflict. This reflects an emphasis on harmony and interdependence. The conflicting sides are dependent on a mediator, or peacemakers to resolve a conflict. This method can be formally ritualized, or informal. This method is used in Asian societies and in many Pacific cultures. An informal example of this method is the use of matchmakers or marriage brokers. Another example is when neighbors pressure a son or a daughter-in-law to stop neglecting a parent or parent-in-law. There are no ritualized rules in these examples, only third parties that take the place  of direct confrontation. The use third parties can be ritualized or formal. For example, the use of standard structures or rules and hierarchical relations to maintain harmony. In the Solomon Islands, faamananataanga is the way that conflicts can be resolved. The event is held over a family dinner, speaking is serious and formal, and the most senior person is the peacemaker, all making this ritualized. In Tannan, a South Pacific island, Conflicts among villagers or between villages are discussed publicly by groups of adult men at special meetings that last all day. The people present are the go-betweens and the most senior people hold hierarchy positions within the group. Rather than resolving the conflict, these meetings are a way of taking part in a joint journey that results in consensus flowing from the interaction of all. They accomplish harmony of the minds and general understanding out of group effort. Another example is the Fijian Indians. They set up committees, third parties, which interview the opponents before a formal meeting called pancayat. The Japanese use a similar method called nemawashi. It rests on the idea that there are two wrongs and now it is right. Neither opponent is blamed as being the only wrong and seriously at fault. An advantage of intermediaries is that they offer the needed apology without the principal losing face and can absorb rejections without taking them personally. In the case of the matchmaker, the groom avoids the risk of rejection from the potential bride. The groom is then saving face, keeping his dignity and pride. Another advantage of using intermediaries is that the third party offers motivation. The third parties also play a role in maintaining peace and help to avoid potential violence. The idea of pancayat and nemawashi seems a much better way of gathering information than forcing people to speak in a high-pressure public event. The committees take the pressure off of the opponents. A disadvantage of using intermediaries is that the third party is placed in potentially unhealthy and inappropriate circumstances. The third parties are subjected to others conflicts, anger and possible violence. The third parties have a chance to get hurt. The cultures that use intermediaries form a dependence on them to handle their disputes. Even some psychologists tend to regard handling your own conflicts is a sign of maturity. The use of third parties can be a sign of interdependence and immaturity. Another idea of resolving conflict is ritualized fighting. The fighting has specific rules and culturally inclinations. This method is the expression of opposition. The opponents do not gage in physical contact, only express it. It is used in Bali, Indonesia and in Tori, Ireland. In Bali, Indonesia ritualized cock fighting is a fundamental way of dealing with conflict. In Tori, Ireland neighborhood street fights are ritualized ways of dealing with conflict. The rules are not in the sense that the players could recount them. They are just normal and taken for granted. The fighters come out in public and threaten each other. Everything about the fight was structured so that the two men could seem eager to exchange blows without ever landing one. No one gets hurt because no physical contact is actually exchanged. Finally, the mothers, or a female relative, of the fighters would break it up. She would implore the fighter to come home and stop fighting. An advantage of this method is that no one gets hurt. The fighters could rely on their kin to restrain them, preventing them from hurting each other. The onlookers, especially the kin take the role of stopping any physical contact. Another advantage is that the fighters provide the audience with entertainment and excitement for both participants and onlookers. The fight also provides outlets for the fighters and a way they can show their manhood and get more respect. These ritualized customs reinforce social bonds and alliances. The interactive part and support of the society helps to bond them closer together. A disadvantage to this method is that if the kin of one, or both, fighters are not present during the fight, physical contact might occur and someone can get hurt. Another disadvantage is that some of the onlookers may be children. The children are then subjected to cursing and threatening. They might look up to the manly fighters and want to mimic them. A major disadvantage of this method is that the conflict does not get resolved. Comparing the argument culture to ritualized methods of dealing with conflict, it seems that arguing overemphasizes winning, loosing and war and sports metaphors. Too much concentration on polarized views and not enough  on harmony that discourages confrontation. The cultural, ritualized rules provide that culture with boundaries, values, and controlled ways to manage conflict. We cannot simply adopt the rituals of another culture, but thinking about them can give us pause and perhaps even ideas for devising our new ways to mange conflict. The article provides insight on many ideas how to manage conflict. These new ideas can influence an individual, perhaps myself, to manage conflict more constructively.

Harriet Tubman Essay -- essays research papers

Freedom Harriet Tubman was a brave woman, she managed to take eleven slaves to Canada, with no one noticing anything. She also did something that was surprising, she took the gun that she had with her to make a slave stay or to die, "We got to go free or die." She didn't allowed a slave to go back while they were traveling because someone might figured that he/she were returning from the running slaves and might have to answer questions. She traveled to differents places to stay like Thomas Garret's house in Wilmington, Delaware. She wanted to get to Canada to have a chance to feel what it would be like to be free. She painted pictures of what she thought Canada would be like, that shows she wanted to be free. In the couples of houses she stopped to get food and to get warm, I believe the persons that owned the houses agreed that they should be free, but they were too afraid to make a move. At the start of the story they were searching for Moses who they thought it was a ma n, which it was not it was Harriet Tubman, who wanted to run off slaves. The slaves at the story were patience. Harriet had promised them food, and shelter, when they got to the first stop in the farmhouse the man said they were a lot of slaves and that it was not safe, because the farmhouse had been searched a week ago before they arrived there, so they didn't had what she had promised them. The slaves didn't screamed at her or complained. When they arrived to Canada I think that even though th...

Hamlet †Act 3 Scene 2 Essay

In this scene, staged in the Great Hall of Elsinore, Hamlet’s cunning plan to determine his uncle’s guilt comes together. Hiring players to act out a play based on his father’s death (as his father’s ghost described it), he awaits Claudius’ reaction. The whole point of this is Hamlet putting to rest his insecurity over the matter, once he discovers for certain Claudius did murder his father and was the snake in the orchard, only then can Hamlet feel at rest and kill him. This scene is one of the many examples throughout the play which demonstrates one of many weaknesses in Hamlet’s personality, in which he comes across as immensely pensive and unsure about nearly everything. The significance of the scene is evident in that both Hamlet and Claudius plotting each others death begins here. For Hamlet as he is now finally at ease with what his father’s ghost told him earlier in the play, thus he can now kill his uncle without any remorse and for Claudius as he is now alarmed to the fact Hamlet is aware of his crime. Although this scene shows a negative side to Hamlet, we also get a glimpse of Hamlet as an intellectual. He takes role as an authority on acting, advising that the actors should use moderation and not to excess (even though this is a contradiction in sense – as his relentless verbal assault to Ophelia earlier in the play suggests). There is reason to believe that it is in fact Shakespeare himself shining through Hamlet in this scene, commenting on acting flaws such as ‘overacting’, corpsing (dramatic term for inadvertently laughing whilst in character) and the unpredictability of an audience. Also worth mentioning here is the player’s speech. Throughout the play, the actors speak in rhyme depending on the character they take the role as. Giving an indication to the audience of their class, as prose is an indication of lower social status. A character such as a king or queen however, use blank verse in this sense. Hamlet’s antic disposition is evident throughout the play and it is used to full effect in this scene. After briefing the players on their task for the stage, Claudius, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Polonius and his daughter Ophelia enter the Great Hall. What follows is what I’d interpret as an ‘amusing’ parody where Hamlet throws verbal daggers at everyone in range, the aim of this is to once again remind the group that he is insane, but also reveals some true feelings towards certain individuals. He begins by intentionally misunderstanding Claudius’ greeting and states that his earlier promise of Hamlet succeeding him is ’empty air’ or untrue. Gertrude’s invitation to Hamlet for him to sit with her is also answered with an insult (possibly a misleading hint to Hamlet’s Oedipus complex), this time remarking that his mother’s appearance is appalling or as he put it; â€Å"Here’s metal more attractive.†Polonius is next and branded â€Å"Brutus† and a fool, cleverly Hamlet achieves this using puns of â€Å"brute† and â€Å"calf†. Ophelia, however comes off worst for wear in my opinion. Hamlet’s verbal treatment of his love interest is cruel and filled with crude jokes with the main theme of sex. The references to Ophelia’s ‘nothing’ (her genitalia) and ‘country matters’ (sexual intercourse) is without a shadow of a doubt, arguably the funniest part of the play, although Shakespeare’s obsession with these jokes are evident throughout the whole play. Horatio on the other hand, is trusted by Hamlet, not only has he confided in Horatio about the ghost’s words and his plan to see if Claudius reveals his guilt, but the usually ‘insecure’ Prince has actually included his best friend in the scheme. This shows Hamlet’s respect and trust for his friend is deep, a point I picked up whilst reading the play. This scene with Hamlet’s antic disposition in full view is not only amusing as mentioned, but also dramatic. It’s this unstable and sometimes unpredictable nature of Hamlet which makes him such an interesting character and one that has been looked upon as one of Shakespeare’s greatest achievements, I agree. His antic disposition is clearly visible as he switches tones throughout the conversation with his uncle, mother and the ‘fair Ophelia’. One minute calm and collected towards Polonius showing interest in his acting past, the next at the throat of his uncle’s loyal terrier – branding him a fool. If I was in charge of staging this scene, I wouldn’t change many of the features used in the awesome film version of the play (‘Hamlet’ – Franco Zeffirelli 1991), with Mel Gibson spectacularly playing the part of Hamlet. In this version, Hamlet is portrayed in this scene as ‘on edge’ and manic, Claudius on the other hand plays laid back and immune to Hamlet’s tongue and Glenn Close as Gertrude comes across not only naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, but confused by Hamlet’s behaviour. The significance of positioning the characters in this scene contributes a great deal to how it is interpreted, in my opinion putting Claudius at the forefront would be a good start and positioning Gertrude on the arm of her husband with directly Hamlet in front of them both would also make sense. Polonius and Ophelia would also be positioned together, although I’m unsure of having their arms linked. Hamlet’s ‘friends’ from university, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern could be placed behind these two pairings, still in view but not as much so as the King, Queen, their adviser and his ‘fair’ daughter. This would be relevant as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are not as directly involved in the scene as the others. A problem encountered here could be Rosencrantz’s part in the scene, the line; â€Å"Ay my lord, they stay upon your patience.† This could be approached by having Rosencrantz stepping forward in order to say his line. Although my suggestions have been made, I find Zeffirelli’s handling of the scene to be admirable and possibly flawless in the sense of interpreting the text into drama. In conclusion, this scene is extremely significant to the play as a whole. As mentioned, it begins the plotting of both Claudius and Hamlet to kill one another, but it also gives yet more depth and structure to Hamlet’s character. Emphasizing his antic disposition, feelings towards other characters in the play and exposes both Hamlet’s qualities and flaws in his personality. This scene is a favourite of mine, falling short only to Hamlet’s soliloquy (â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and his somewhat upsetting reunion with his childhood friend and royal jester, Yorick.

Criminal justice Essay

I will include how crime has a relationship to the law and the government structure as it applies to the criminal justice system. Components of the Criminal Justice System: In the United States, the criminal justice system has three categories: Federal, State, and Military. In addition to the three categories the state has separate divisions that deal with adult and juvenile cases which are comprised of three major components. 1) Law Enforcement perhaps the most important and dangerous. The responsibilities of the Law Enforcement include finding/capturing individuals who break the laws. They are responsible for bringing new changes against perpetrators and for ensuring the cases are strong enough to stand up in court. 2) Courts include prosecution and defense lawyers, judges and juries. The responsibility of the courts is to ensure offenders are given a fair trial; all laws are followed while the cases are being tried. Guidelines for a fair sentencing are being followed. 3) Corrections are to uphold and administer sentences handed down. The Corrections system which is intertwined with Law Enforcement and the courts is a very important and large piece of the criminal justice system because t includes jails, prisons, correctional officers, probation officers, and parole officers which ensure that a defendant’s punishment and all of its stipulations are carried out. (Smith,  1999). Components of the Criminal Justice Process: My understanding of the criminal justice process is that a police officer will arrest you because he or she has reason to believe that yo u committed a felony, misdemeanor, or violation. If charged with a felony or a misdemeanor, the officer must file a complaint in criminal court. You are held for twenty four hours until you are able to appear before a judge. (west,  1999). If you are charged with a violation you will be released and asked to appear in court at a later date and time. A prosecutor will meet with the police officer to determine if there is sufficient evidence to charge you with a crime. If enough evidence is found to charge you with a crime, then you will meet with a representative from the court to decide whether to set bail, release you from jail without bail, or hold you in jail without bail. If there is insufficient evidence found than you will be released from jail immediately. After this is done and you are found to have sufficient evidence saying you committed a crime you will then be brought to court for an arraignment a prosecutor will inform you and an attorney if you have one what kind of charges will be brought against you and you have at that time the opportunity to settle your case without a trial. Your attorney can now negotiate a plea bargain; if you plead guilty. My definition of the word crime: Crime is an act prohibited by law an offence against a public law, a violation of the law in which there is injury to the public or a member of the public. It is also a consensual act or violation in which only the perpetrator is hurt or involved such as personnel use of illegal drugs. A failure to act as required by law, considered morally wrong, a shameful, unwise, or regrettable act. The commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law; especially: a gross violation of the law. It is a foolish or disgraceful act. This is just my opinion on the definition of the word crime. Its relationship to the Law and Government Structure as it applies to the Criminal Justice System: The relationship to the law and government structure as it applies to the criminal justice system is that there must be unity of act and intent to commit a crime. The structure of the law and government of a crime committed is punishment. All systems must respect the rights of individuals set forth in court interpretation of the U. S. Constitution and defined in case law. State constitutions and laws define criminal justice system within each state and delegate the authority and responsibility for criminal justice to various jurisdictions, officials, and institutions. State laws also define criminal behavior and groups of children or acts under jurisdiction of the juvenile courts. Municipalities and counties further define their criminal justice system through local ordinances that proscribe the local agencies responsible for criminal justices processing that were not established by the state. Congress has also established a criminal justice system at a federal level to respond to federal crimes such as bank robbery, kidnapping, and transporting stolen goods across state lines. Conclusion: The criminal justice system and the criminal justice progress have shaped the laws of this country into what they are today.  The criminal justice system has many components that work together to provide justice for criminals and victims of crime. This enables violators of the law to be prosecuted in a fair trial. This is my understanding of the criminal justice system.

Compare and contrast these two 20th century love poems - Love Birds by Paul Henry and Overheard in County Sligo by Gillian Clarke.

Compare and contrast these two 20th century love poems - Love Birds by Paul Henry and Overheard in County Sligo by Gillian Clarke. The two poems are about love. One portrays a very distant marriage, the other portrays a very committed marriage. Both poems are of Welch relevance. Gillian Clarke and Paul Henry were both born in Wales.I am going to begin with the poem "Overheard in County Sligo."The first line of the poem :"I married a man from County Roscommon" suggests they have a distant relationship in the way she says "a man" and does not give him a name. He may not mean much to her. The second line has the phrase "Back of beyond." This seems like a negative feature. I think the woman possibly feels as if she is nowhere or maybe it is a symbol of her life. The third and fourth lines suggest a pastoral area and with the animals mentioned she probably lives on a dairy farm.The second verse gives images of movement.The Old English epic poem Beowulf is written in al...The third and fourth lines say"and the road runs down through the open gateand freedoms there for the taking."I think this suggests freedom. Nobody is stopping her from leaving, but she is scared, maybe of being alone with nobody to turn to. I think she is also frightened and possibly struggling with what people believe women should be happy with. She is a woman who has everything but her dreams.The third verse talks about what she had wanted to be. The first line :"I had thought to work on the Abbey Stage." I think she had longed to be an actress and to be able to express herself physically, but now she feels trapped and all her feelings are bottled up inside her. She has no way to let them out. Also the second line says : "Or to have my name in a book."...

Take These 6 Steps to Become a Travel Nurse -The JobNetwork

Take These 6 Steps to Become a Travel Nurse -The JobNetwork If you love the idea of supplying patients with quality medical assistance but aren’t crazy about working in the same environment every day, then you may want to consider becoming a travel nurse. Travel nurses work at temporary jobs in locations all over the country, usually for periods of a dozen weeks or so. Since being a travel nurse comes with its own particular set of challenges, you may need some extra direction when pursuing this particular career. Here are some tips that should help you achieve your goal of becoming a travel nurse.1. Become a registered nurse.To become a travel nurse, you must first become a nurse. That means you have to graduate high school or get your GED, complete an accredited nursing program at the college level, and pass the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). Some hospitals might also require a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), and if its relevant to your area of specialization, Basic Life Support (BLS) or Advanced Cardiac Life S upport (ACLS) certification. Before becoming a travel nurse, you also need a minimum of one year of specialized nursing experience. For travel nurses, those specializations include ER, PEDS, TELE, and Home Health. If ICU or OB is your area of specialization, you may need more than one year of experience.2. Consider your goals.In what kind of environment do you want to work? To where do you want to travel? You should consider such goals to pin down your ideal position since all travel-nursing agencies are different. You must also think the salary and benefits you expect to earn. Since moving around is involved in your work, such benefits as housing, travel stipends, and rental cars might be considerations along with more standard benefits such as medical and 401k packages. Make a list of your ideals so you know what to look for when viewing job listings and deciding where to apply.4. Compare agencies to find the one for you.Travel nurses get jobs through agencies, and all agencies ar e different. If you have specific goals, you will want to find an agency most in line with your particular ones. Consider these agency’s online ratings as well. A great online tool is BluePipes, which is like LinkedIn for healthcare professionals. If you know trustworthy travel nurses, perhaps they can refer you to a quality agency.5. Prepare your paperwork.There’s quite a bit of paperwork involved in securing a travel nurse position. An application, skills checklist, and clinical references will be included in your submission profile. Your nursing agency will provide you with these documents and expect you to complete them. However, if you use BluePipes to prepare your submission profile, you may not have to fill out a new one every time you visit a new agency. Also be sure to have all required licenses and certifications, as well as recently obtained medical records, in order.6. Establish a tax home.In order to qualify as a travel nurse with tax-free stipends, you wi ll have to establish and maintain a â€Å"tax home.† In order to qualify, you must work far enough away to have to stay overnight in a place other than your residence when working. You must fill out a form to qualify for tax-free stipends. The good news is that even if you fail to qualify for tax-free stipends, you can still work as a travel nurse.